ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

 TERMINOLOGY OF ANATOMY

Terms, phrases or special wards that used in special subjects, while the scientific study of the terms is called terminology.

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

POSITIONS

ANATOMICAL POSITION

When a person is standing erect with eyes looking forwards. Both arm by the side of body, palms facing forwards, both feet together such position of the body is called anatomical position.

OR

A person is standing straight with both feet together, the eye, face and palm of the hands directed anteriorly this position of the body is known as anatomical position.

SUPINE POSITTON

It is the position of the body in which an individual lying on her/his back side, in this position the arm lies by the side the palms facing upwards, and both feet put together.

Supine position

PRONE POSITION

It is the position of the body in which an individual lying on his/her abdomen side. In this position the face chest, and abdomen lies on the floor/any lying object.

Prone position

LITHOTOMY POSITION

It is the position of the body in which an individual lying on her/his back with legs up and feet supported in straps.

Lithotomy position

PLANES

1. A plane that passing through the center of the body which divide the body into two equal parts (halves) is known as medial or median or midsagittal plane.
2. A plane parallel to median plane is called the sagittal plane.
3. A plane at right angle to sagittal plane that divides the body into an anterior and posterior halves is called a coronal plane.
4. A plane at right angle to both sagittal and coronal planes which divides  the body into an upper and lower parts is called a transvers plane.

 Planes

TERMS IN RELATION TO TRUNK

1) Ventral OR anterior

It is the front of the trunk.

2) Dorsal OR posterior

It is the back of the trunk.

3) Medial

It is a plane that is close to the Median plan.

4) Lateral
It is a plane that is away from the median plan.

5) Proximal/cranial/superior

it is close to the head end of trunk.

6) Distal/caudal/inferior

It is close to the feet or lower end of the trunk.

7) Superficial

It is close to skin OR towards surface of the body.

8) Deep

It is away from the skin OR away from surface of the body.

9) Ispilateral

It is on the same side of the body as another structure.

10) Contralateral

It is on opposite side of body.

11)Invagination

It is projection inside.

12) Evagination

It is projection out side.

TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO LIMBS

TERMS USED IN RELATION TO UPPER LIMB

1) Anterior OR ventral

It is the front aspect of the upper Iimb.

2) Posterior OR Dorsal

It is the back aspect of the upper limb.

3) medial border

This border lies close to medial of the body and lies along the little finger, medial border of forearm and arm.

4) Lateral border

This border lies away to medial of the body and follows the thumb lateral border of forearm and arm.

5) Proximal

It is lies close to the root of limb.

6) Distal

It is lies away to the Root of limb.

7) Palmar

It is the front aspect of the palm (hand).

8) Dorsal

It is the back aspect of the palm (hand).

TERMS USED IN RELATION TO LOWER LIMB

1) ANTERIOR

It is the front aspect of the lower limb.

2) POSTERIOR

It is the back aspect of the lower limb.

3) medial border

This border is lies close to medial plane of the body and lies along the big toe, medial border of leg and thigh.

4) Lateral border

This border is lies away from medial plane of the body and lies along the little toe lateral border of leg and thigh.

5) Proximal

It is close to the root of the limb.

6) Distal

It is lies away from the root of the limb.

TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLEGY

1) VENTRAL

It is towards the belly (abdomen), it is like Anterior.

2) DORSAL

It is towards the back (vertebral column), it is the like posterior.

3) CRANIAL

It is towards head and also like superior.

4) CAUDAL

It is towards feet and also like inferior.

TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENTS

TERMS USED IN SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Gliding movements

These movements occurs as relatively flat bone which move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another.

2)Angular movement

In these movements the angle between the activating bones is either increase or decrease e.g in flexion the angle is decrease, in extension the angle is increase etc.

3) Rotation

In these movements a bone is revolves around its own longitudinal axis. It may be medial OR lateral rotation.

TERMS USED IN LIMBS FOR MOVEMENTS

1. Flexion

When two surfaces are brought close e.g in elbow or knee.

2. Extension

When two surfaces are awaying from each other e.g in elbow or knee.

3. Abduction

Movement of a limb awaying from the body.

4. Adduction

Movement of a limb towards the body.

5. Circumduction

The combination of Flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in a sequence as occurs in bowling.

6. Medial Rotation

When the limb rotate to Medial plane of the body.

7. lateral Rotation

When the limb rotate laterally.

8. Supination

When the limb facing forwards or upward as putting bolus in mouth.

9. Pronation

When limb facing backward or down ward as picking the food.

TERMS USED FOR DESCRIBING MUSCLES

1. Origin

The end of a Muscle which is relatively fixed during its contraction.

2. Insertion

The end of a Muscle which move during its contraction.

(Some time these upper two terms are interchangeable.)

3. Belly

The fleshy part of the muscle.

4. Tendon

The flbrous cord like part of the muscle.

5. Aponeurosis

The Flattened tendon of a Muscle.

6. Raphe

A Fibrous band of aponenrosis and is stretchable.

TERMS DESCRIBING VESSLS

1. Arteries

These are the blood vessels which carries the blood away from the heart.

2. Veins

These are the blood vessels which brings the blood back to heart.

3. Capillaries

These are small Microscopic Blood vessels which communicate arterioles to venules.